Norepinephrine Citations: The Vasopressor & Inotrope Handbook

The following are the citations for my book “The Vasopressor & Inotrope Handbook: A Practical Guide for Healthcare Professionals.” If you stumbled upon this page via a search engine, you have several options to get a copy, as shown below the citations.

  1. Scheeren TWL, Bakker J, De Backer D, Annane D, Asfar P, Boerma EC, Cecconi M, Dubin A, Dünser MW, Duranteau J, Gordon AC, Hamzaoui O, Hernández G, Leone M, Levy B, Martin C, Mebazaa A, Monnet X, Morelli A, Payen D, Pearse R, Pinsky MR, Radermacher P, Reuter D, Saugel B, Sakr Y, Singer M, Squara P, Vieillard-Baron A, Vignon P, Vistisen ST, van der Horst ICC, Vincent JL, Teboul JL. Current use of vasopressors in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2019 Jan 30;9(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0498-7. PMID: 30701448; PMCID: PMC6353977.
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  2. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, Mcintyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, Schorr C, Simpson S, Wiersinga WJ, Alshamsi F, Angus DC, Arabi Y, Azevedo L, Beale R, Beilman G, Belley-Cote E, Burry L, Cecconi M, Centofanti J, Coz Yataco A, De Waele J, Dellinger RP, Doi K, Du B, Estenssoro E, Ferrer R, Gomersall C, Hodgson C, Møller MH, Iwashyna T, Jacob S, Kleinpell R, Klompas M, Koh Y, Kumar A, Kwizera A, Lobo S, Masur H, McGloughlin S, Mehta S, Mehta Y, Mer M, Nunnally M, Oczkowski S, Osborn T, Papathanassoglou E, Perner A, Puskarich M, Roberts J, Schweickert W, Seckel M, Sevransky J, Sprung CL, Welte T, Zimmerman J, Levy M. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-1247. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y. Epub 2021 Oct 2. PMID: 34599691; PMCID: PMC8486643.
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  3. Giovannitti JA Jr, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications. Anesth Prog. 2015 Spring;62(1):31-9. doi: 10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31. PMID: 25849473; PMCID: PMC4389556.
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  4. Grignola JC, Domingo E. Acute Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Intensive Care Unit. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:8217105. doi: 10.1155/2017/8217105. Epub 2017 Oct 19. PMID: 29201914; PMCID: PMC5671685.
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  5. Levy B, Clere-Jehl R, Legras A, Morichau-Beauchant T, Leone M, Frederique G, Quenot JP, Kimmoun A, Cariou A, Lassus J, Harjola VP, Meziani F, Louis G, Rossignol P, Duarte K, Girerd N, Mebazaa A, Vignon P; Collaborators. Epinephrine Versus Norepinephrine for Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jul 10;72(2):173-182. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.051. PMID: 29976291.
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  6. Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Lange M, Orecchioni A, Laderchi A, Bachetoni A, D’Alessandro M, Van Aken H, Pietropaoli P, Westphal M. Phenylephrine versus norepinephrine for initial hemodynamic support of patients with septic shock: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):R143. doi: 10.1186/cc7121. Epub 2008 Nov 18. PMID: 19017409; PMCID: PMC2646303.
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  7. Dünser MW, Hasibeder WR. Sympathetic overstimulation during critical illness: adverse effects of adrenergic stress. J Intensive Care Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;24(5):293-316. doi: 10.1177/0885066609340519. Epub 2009 Aug 23. Erratum in: J Intensive Care Med. 2016 Sep;31(8):NP1. PMID: 19703817.
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  8. Jentzer JC, Coons JC, Link CB, Schmidhofer M. Pharmacotherapy update on the use of vasopressors and inotropes in the intensive care unit. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015 May;20(3):249-60. doi: 10.1177/1074248414559838. Epub 2014 Nov 28. PMID: 25432872.
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  9. Russell JA, Gordon AC, Williams MD, Boyd JH, Walley KR, Kissoon N. Vasopressor Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb;42(1):59-77. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710320. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PMID: 32820475.
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  10. Bangash MN, Kong ML, Pearse RM. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(7):2015-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01588.x. PMID: 21740415; PMCID: PMC3413841.
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  11. Rokyta R Jr, Tesařová J, Pechman V, Gajdos P, Kroužecký A. The effects of short-term norepinephrine up-titration on hemodynamics in cardiogenic shock. Physiol Res. 2010;59(3):373-378. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.931804. Epub 2009 Aug 12. PMID: 19681659.
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  12. Thooft A, Favory R, Salgado DR, Taccone FS, Donadello K, De Backer D, Creteur J, Vincent JL. Effects of changes in arterial pressure on organ perfusion during septic shock. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R222. doi: 10.1186/cc10462. Epub 2011 Sep 21. PMID: 21936903; PMCID: PMC3334768.
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  13. Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, Ksouri H, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL. Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R142. doi: 10.1186/cc9207. Epub 2010 Jul 29. PMID: 20670424; PMCID: PMC2945123.
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  14. Monnet X, Jabot J, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL. Norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and reduces preload dependency assessed by passive leg raising in septic shock patients. Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):689-94. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d2a3. PMID: 21263328.
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  15. LEVOPHED package insert, Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc.; 2020.
    Link to Package Insert
  16. “Vasopressin Injection, USP.” FDA.gov, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2023.
    Link to Package Insert
  17. Stefanou C, Palazis L, Loizou A, Timiliotou C. Should the norepinephrine maximal dosage rate be greatly increased in late shock? BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Mar 4;2016:bcr2015213670. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-213670. PMID: 26944371; PMCID: PMC4785500.
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  18. Brown SM, Lanspa MJ, Jones JP, Kuttler KG, Li Y, Carlson R, Miller RR 3rd, Hirshberg EL, Grissom CK, Morris AH. Survival after shock requiring high-dose vasopressor therapy. Chest. 2013 Mar;143(3):664-671. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-1106. PMID: 22911566; PMCID: PMC3590882.
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  19. Martin C, Medam S, Antonini F, Alingrin J, Haddam M, Hammad E, Meyssignac B, Vigne C, Zieleskiewicz L, Leone M. NOREPINEPHRINE: NOT TOO MUCH, TOO LONG. Shock. 2015 Oct;44(4):305-9. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000426. PMID: 26125087.
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  20. Auchet T, Regnier MA, Girerd N, Levy B. Outcome of patients with septic shock and high-dose vasopressor therapy. Ann Intensive Care. 2017 Dec;7(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13613-017-0261-x. Epub 2017 Apr 20. PMID: 28425079; PMCID: PMC5397393.
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  21. Kasugai D, Hirakawa A, Ozaki M, Nishida K, Ikeda T, Takahashi K, Matsui S, Uenishi N. Maximum Norepinephrine Dosage Within 24 Hours as an Indicator of Refractory Septic Shock: A Retrospective Study. J Intensive Care Med. 2020 Nov;35(11):1285-1289. doi: 10.1177/0885066619860736. Epub 2019 Jun 27. PMID: 31248320.
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  22. Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Harvey SE, Bell D, Bion JF, Coats TJ, Singer M, Young JD, Rowan KM; ProMISe Trial Investigators. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1301-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500896. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25776532.
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  23. ProCESS Investigators; Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, Filbin MR, Shapiro NI, Angus DC. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 1;370(18):1683-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. Epub 2014 Mar 18. PMID: 24635773; PMCID: PMC4101700.
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  24. ARISE Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group; Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1496-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. Epub 2014 Oct 1. PMID: 25272316.
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  25. Hernández G, Teboul JL, Bakker J. Norepinephrine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2019 May;45(5):687-689. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5499-8. Epub 2019 Jan 10. Erratum in: Intensive Care Med. 2019 Apr;45(4):561. PMID: 30631902.
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  26. Guinot PG, Longrois D, Kamel S, Lorne E, Dupont H. Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling Analysis Predicts the Hemodynamic Response to Norepinephrine in Hypotensive Postoperative Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jan;46(1):e17-e25. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002772. PMID: 29019850.
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  27. Vadiei N, Daley MJ, Murthy MS, Shuman CS. Impact of Norepinephrine Weight-Based Dosing Compared With Non-Weight-Based Dosing in Achieving Time to Goal Mean Arterial Pressure in Obese Patients With Septic Shock. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 Mar;51(3):194-202. doi: 10.1177/1060028016682030. Epub 2016 Nov 25. PMID: 27886982.
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  28. Selby AR, Khan NS, Dadashian T, Hall Nd RG. Evaluation of Dose Requirements Using Weight-Based versus Non-Weight-Based Dosing of Norepinephrine to Achieve a Goal Mean Arterial Pressure in Patients with Septic Shock. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 8;12(4):1344. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041344. PMID: 36835880; PMCID: PMC9964536.
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  29. Waechter J, Kumar A, Lapinsky SE, Marshall J, Dodek P, Arabi Y, Parrillo JE, Dellinger RP, Garland A; Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock Database Research Group. Interaction between fluids and vasoactive agents on mortality in septic shock: a multicenter, observational study. Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2158-68. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000520. PMID: 25072761.
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  30. Colon Hidalgo D, Patel J, Masic D, Park D, Rech MA. Delayed vasopressor initiation is associated with increased mortality in patients with septic shock. J Crit Care. 2020 Feb;55:145-148. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.11.004. Epub 2019 Nov 9. PMID: 31731173.
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  31. Udy AA, Finnis M, Jones D, Delaney A, Macdonald S, Bellomo R, Peake S; ARISE Investigators. Incidence, Patient Characteristics, Mode of Drug Delivery, and Outcomes of Septic Shock Patients Treated With Vasopressors in the Arise Trial. Shock. 2019 Oct;52(4):400-407. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001281. PMID: 30379749.
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  32. Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, Trainarongsakul T, Chakorn T, Udompanturak S. Early Use of Norepinephrine in Septic Shock Resuscitation (CENSER). A Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 May 1;199(9):1097-1105. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1034OC. PMID: 30704260.
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  33. Ospina-Tascón GA, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, Calderón-Tapia LE, Manzano-Nunez R, Sánchez-Ortiz AI, Quiñones E, Ruiz-Yucuma JE, Aldana JL, Teboul JL, Cavalcanti AB, De Backer D, Bakker J. Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-based analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Feb 14;24(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2756-3. PMID: 32059682; PMCID: PMC7023737.
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  34. Li Y, Li H, Zhang D. Timing of norepinephrine initiation in patients with septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Aug 6;24(1):488. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03204-x. PMID: 32762765; PMCID: PMC7409707.
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  35. Hasegawa D, Ishisaka Y, Maeda T, Prasitlumkum N, Nishida K, Dugar S, Sato R. Prevalence and Prognosis of Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Intensive Care Med. 2023 Jun 4:8850666231180526. doi: 10.1177/08850666231180526. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37272081.
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  36. Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Martin C, Troché G, Ricard JD, Nitenberg G, Papazian L, Azoulay E, Bellissant E; CATS Study Group. Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):676-84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Sep 22;370(9592):1034. PMID: 17720019.
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  37. Levy B, Perez P, Perny J, Thivilier C, Gerard A. Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2011 Mar;39(3):450-5. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ffe0eb. PMID: 21037469.
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  38. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL; SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-89. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118. PMID: 20200382.
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  39. Rui Q, Jiang Y, Chen M, Zhang N, Yang H, Zhou Y. Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Oct;96(43):e8402. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008402. PMID: 29069037; PMCID: PMC5671870.
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  40. Bougouin W, Slimani K, Renaudier M, Binois Y, Paul M, Dumas F, Lamhaut L, Loeb T, Ortuno S, Deye N, Voicu S, Beganton F, Jost D, Mekontso-Dessap A, Marijon E, Jouven X, Aissaoui N, Cariou A; Sudden Death Expertise Center Investigators. Epinephrine versus norepinephrine in cardiac arrest patients with post-resuscitation shock. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Mar;48(3):300-310. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06608-7. Epub 2022 Feb 7. PMID: 35129643.
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  41. Cheng L, Yan J, Han S, Chen Q, Chen M, Jiang H, Lu J. Comparative efficacy of vasoactive medications in patients with septic shock: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2019 May 14;23(1):168. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2427-4. PMID: 31088524; PMCID: PMC6518735.
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  42. Law AC, Bosch NA, Peterson D, Walkey AJ. Comparison of Heart Rate After Phenylephrine vs Norepinephrine Initiation in Patients With Septic Shock and Atrial Fibrillation. Chest. 2022 Oct;162(4):796-803. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.147. Epub 2022 May 5. PMID: 35526604; PMCID: PMC9808602.
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  43. Haiduc M, Radparvar S, Aitken SL, Altshuler J. Does Switching Norepinephrine to Phenylephrine in Septic Shock Complicated by Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Response Improve Time to Rate Control? J Intensive Care Med. 2021 Feb;36(2):191-196. doi: 10.1177/0885066619896292. Epub 2020 Jan 2. PMID: 31893966.
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  44. Hajjar LA, Vincent JL, Barbosa Gomes Galas FR, Rhodes A, Landoni G, Osawa EA, Melo RR, Sundin MR, Grande SM, Gaiotto FA, Pomerantzeff PM, Dallan LO, Franco RA, Nakamura RE, Lisboa LA, de Almeida JP, Gerent AM, Souza DH, Gaiane MA, Fukushima JT, Park CL, Zambolim C, Rocha Ferreira GS, Strabelli TM, Fernandes FL, Camara L, Zeferino S, Santos VG, Piccioni MA, Jatene FB, Costa Auler JO Jr, Filho RK. Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine in Patients with Vasoplegic Shock after Cardiac Surgery: The VANCS Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jan;126(1):85-93. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001434. PMID: 27841822.
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  45. Kislitsina ON, Rich JD, Wilcox JE, Pham DT, Churyla A, Vorovich EB, Ghafourian K, Yancy CW. Shock – Classification and Pathophysiological Principles of Therapeutics. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2019;15(2):102-113. doi: 10.2174/1573403X15666181212125024. PMID: 30543176; PMCID: PMC6520577.
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  46. Thiele RH, Nemergut EC, Lynch C 3rd. The clinical implications of isolated alpha(1) adrenergic stimulation. Anesth Analg. 2011 Aug;113(2):297-304. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182120ca5. Epub 2011 Apr 25. PMID: 21519053.
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  47. van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM, Henry TD, Jacobs AK, Kapur NK, Kilic A, Menon V, Ohman EM, Sweitzer NK, Thiele H, Washam JB, Cohen MG; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Mission: Lifeline. Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Oct 17;136(16):e232-e268. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000525. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28923988.
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  48. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287. PMID: 26903338; PMCID: PMC4968574.
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  49. Stolk RF, van der Poll T, Angus DC, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Kox M. Potentially Inadvertent Immunomodulation: Norepinephrine Use in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Sep 1;194(5):550-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0862CP. PMID: 27398737.
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  50. Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol. 2012;32(1):23-63. doi: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30. PMID: 22428854; PMCID: PMC3410706.
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  51. Stolk RF, van der Pasch E, Naumann F, Schouwstra J, Bressers S, van Herwaarden AE, Gerretsen J, Schambergen R, Ruth MM, van der Hoeven JG, van Leeuwen H, Pickkers P, Kox M. Norepinephrine Dysregulates the Immune Response and Compromises Host Defense during Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Sep 15;202(6):830-842. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202002-0339OC. PMID: 32520577.
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  52. MLA style: Ulf von Euler – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Sat. 21 Oct 2023. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1970/euler/facts/
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  53. MILLER AJ, SHIFRIN A, KAPLAN BM, GOLD H, BILLINGS A, KATZ LN. Arterenol in treatment of shock. J Am Med Assoc. 1953 Jul 25;152(13):1198-1201. doi: 10.1001/jama.1953.03690130014003. PMID: 13061238.
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  54. Mampuya WM, Dumont J, Lamontagne F. Norepinephrine-associated left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and systolic anterior movement. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Dec 2;12(12):e225879. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225879. PMID: 31796448; PMCID: PMC7001716.
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  55. Leone M, Goyer I, Levy B, Dünser MW, Asfar P, Jentzer JC. Dose of norepinephrine: the devil is in the details. Intensive Care Med. 2022 May;48(5):638-640. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06652-x. Epub 2022 Mar 15. PMID: 35290485.
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