This page is dedicated for those attending my lecture on lactate/lactic acid. These are the citations for studies I used for my lactate presentation. For further information on the topic, check THIS POST.

Jung B, Rimmele T, Le Goff C, Chanques G, Corne P, Jonquet O, Muller L, Lefrant JY, Guervilly C, Papazian L, Allaouchiche B, Jaber S; AzuRea Group. Severe metabolic or mixed acidemia on intensive care unit admission: incidence, prognosis and administration of buffer therapy. A prospective, multiple-center study. Crit Care. 2011;15(5):R238. doi: 10.1186/cc10487. Epub 2011 Oct 13. PMID: 21995879; PMCID: PMC3334789.
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HUCKABEE WE. Abnormal resting blood lactate. I. The significance of hyperlactatemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Med. 1961 Jun;30:840-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(61)90172-3. PMID: 13716482.
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Weil MH, Afifi AA. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation. 1970 Jun;41(6):989-1001. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.41.6.989. PMID: 5482913.
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Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, Jacobsen G, Muzzin A, Ressler JA, Tomlanovich MC. Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004 Aug;32(8):1637-42. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000132904.35713.a7. PMID: 15286537.
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Kraut JA, Madias NE. Lactic acidosis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 11;371(24):2309-19. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1309483. PMID: 25494270.
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Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar;45(3):486-552. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255. PMID: 28098591.
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Andersen LW, Mackenhauer J, Roberts JC, Berg KM, Cocchi MN, Donnino MW. Etiology and therapeutic approach to elevated lactate levels. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Oct;88(10):1127-40. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.012. PMID: 24079682; PMCID: PMC3975915.
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Jagan N, Morrow LE, Walters RW, Plambeck RW, Patel TM, Moore DR, Malesker MA. Sympathetic stimulation increases serum lactate concentrations in patients admitted with sepsis: implications for resuscitation strategies. Ann Intensive Care. 2021 Feb 5;11(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13613-021-00805-9. PMID: 33544243; PMCID: PMC7865043.
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Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C. Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 28;19:74. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-74. PMID: 22202128; PMCID: PMC3292838.
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Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, Goyal M, Fuchs BD, Shah CV, Bellamy SL, Christie JD. Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1670-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68. PMID: 19325467.
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Fall PJ, Szerlip HM. Lactic acidosis: from sour milk to septic shock. J Intensive Care Med. 2005 Sep-Oct;20(5):255-71. doi: 10.1177/0885066605278644. PMID: 16145217.
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Levy B. Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006 Aug;12(4):315-21. doi: 10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15. PMID: 16810041.
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Gattinoni L, Vasques F, Camporota L, Meessen J, Romitti F, Pasticci I, Duscio E, Vassalli F, Forni LG, Payen D, Cressoni M, Zanella A, Latini R, Quintel M, Marini JJ. Understanding Lactatemia in Human Sepsis. Potential Impact for Early Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep 1;200(5):582-589. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201812-2342OC. PMID: 30985210.
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Vincent JL, Bakker J. Blood lactate levels in sepsis: in 8 questions. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021 Jun 1;27(3):298-302. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000824. PMID: 33852499. 
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Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Damiani LP, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegría L, Teboul JL, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Jibaja M, Pairumani R, Fernández P, Barahona D, Granda-Luna V, Cavalcanti AB, Bakker J; The ANDROMEDA SHOCK Investigators and the Latin America Intensive Care Network (LIVEN); Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón G, Petri Damiani L, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegría L, Teboul JL, Cecconi M, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Jibaja M, Pairumani R, Fernández P, Barahona D, Cavalcanti AB, Bakker J, Hernández G, Alegría L, Ferri G, Rodriguez N, Holger P, Soto N, Pozo M, Bakker J, Cook D, Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Kavanagh BP, Dellinger P, Rietdijk W, Carpio D, Pavéz N, Henriquez E, Bravo S, Valenzuela ED, Vera M, Dreyse J, Oviedo V, Cid MA, Larroulet M, Petruska E, Sarabia C, Gallardo D, Sanchez JE, González H, Arancibia JM, Muñoz A, Ramirez G, Aravena F, Aquevedo A, Zambrano F, Bozinovic M, Valle F, Ramirez M, Rossel V, Muñoz P, Ceballos C, Esveile C, Carmona C, Candia E, Mendoza D, Sanchez A, Ponce D, Ponce D, Lastra J, Nahuelpán B, Fasce F, Luengo C, Medel N, Cortés C, Campassi L, Rubatto P, Horna N, Furche M, Pendino JC, Bettini L, Lovesio C, González MC, Rodruguez J, Canales H, Caminos F, Galletti C, Minoldo E, Aramburu MJ, Olmos D, Nin N, Tenzi J, Quiroga C, Lacuesta P, Gaudín A, Pais R, Silvestre A, Olivera G, Rieppi G, Berrutti D, Ochoa M, Cobos P, Vintimilla F, Ramirez V, Tobar M, García F, Picoita F, Remache N, Granda V, Paredes F, Barzallo E, Garcés P, Guerrero F, Salazar S, Torres G, Tana C, Calahorrano J, Solis F, Torres P, Herrera L, Ornes A, Peréz V, Delgado G, López A, Espinosa E, Moreira J, Salcedo B, Villacres I, Suing J, Lopez M, Gomez L, Toctaquiza G, Cadena Zapata M, Orazabal MA, Pardo Espejo R, Jimenez J, Calderón A, Paredes G, Barberán JL, Moya T, Atehortua H, Sabogal R, Ortiz G, Lara A, Sanchez F, Hernán Portilla A, Dávila H, Mora JA, Calderón LE, Alvarez I, Escobar E, Bejarano A, Bustamante LA, Aldana JL. Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019 Feb 19;321(7):654-664. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.0071. PMID: 30772908; PMCID: PMC6439620.
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Ronco JJ, Fenwick JC, Tweeddale MG, Wiggs BR, Phang PT, Cooper DJ, Cunningham KF, Russell JA, Walley KR. Identification of the critical oxygen delivery for anaerobic metabolism in critically ill septic and nonseptic humans. JAMA. 1993 Oct 13;270(14):1724-30. PMID: 8411504.
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Lewis LM, Ferguson I, House SL, Aubuchon K, Schneider J, Johnson K, Matsuda K. Albuterol administration is commonly associated with increases in serum lactate in patients with asthma treated for acute exacerbation of asthma. Chest. 2014 Jan;145(1):53-59. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0930. PMID: 23949578.
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Miyamoto K, Nakashima T, Shima N, Kato S, Ueda K, Kawazoe Y, Ohta Y, Morimoto T, Yamamura H; DESIRE Trial Investigators. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Lactate Clearance in Patients With Septic Shock: A Subanalysis of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Shock. 2018 Aug;50(2):162-166. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001055. PMID: 29117063.
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Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M, Rehberg S, Kampmeier T, Ligges S, Orecchioni A, D’Egidio A, D’Ippoliti F, Raffone C, Venditti M, Guarracino F, Girardis M, Tritapepe L, Pietropaoli P, Mebazaa A, Singer M. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Oct 23;310(16):1683-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278477. PMID: 24108526.
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Spiegel R, Gordon D, Marik PE. The origins of the Lacto-Bolo reflex: the mythology of lactate in sepsis. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(Suppl 1):S48-S53. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.11.48. PMID: 32148925; PMCID: PMC7024759.
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van Tienhoven AJ, van Beers CAJ, Siegert CEH. Agreement between arterial and peripheral venous lactate levels in the ED: A systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Apr;37(4):746-750. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.034. Epub 2019 Jan 21. PMID: 30686538.
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Mahmoodpoor A, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Golzari SEJ, Parthvi R, Hamishehkar H, Nader ND. Arterial vs venous lactate: Correlation and predictive value of mortality of patients with sepsis during early resuscitation phase. J Crit Care. 2020 Aug;58:118-124. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.05.019. Epub 2019 May 28. PMID: 31174974.
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Gallagher EJ, Rodriguez K, Touger M. Agreement between peripheral venous and arterial lactate levels. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Apr;29(4):479-83. PMID: 9095008.
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Lavery RF, Livingston DH, Tortella BJ, Sambol JT, Slomovitz BM, Siegel JH. The utility of venous lactate to triage injured patients in the trauma center. J Am Coll Surg. 2000 Jun;190(6):656-64. doi: 10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00271-4. PMID: 10873000.
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Gillespie J, Hansen M, Samatham R, Baker SD, Filer S, Sheridan DC. Capillary Refill Technology to Enhance the Accuracy of Peripheral Perfusion Evaluation in Sepsis. J Intensive Care Med. 2022 Sep;37(9):1159-1164. doi: 10.1177/08850666221087685. Epub 2022 Mar 21. PMID: 35306923.
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Balakrishnan V, Wilson J, Taggart B, Cipolla J, Jeanmonod R. Impact of Phlebotomy Tourniquet Use on Blood Lactate Levels in Acutely Ill Patients. CJEM. 2016 Sep;18(5):358-62. doi: 10.1017/cem.2016.6. PMID: 27618976.
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Jones AE, Leonard MM, Hernandez-Nino J, Kline JA. Determination of the effect of in vitro time, temperature, and tourniquet use on whole blood venous point-of-care lactate concentrations. Acad Emerg Med. 2007 Jul;14(7):587-91. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1351. Epub 2007 May 18. PMID: 17513689.
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Seymour CW, Carlbom D, Cooke CR, Watkins TR, Bulger EM, Rea TD, Baird GS. Temperature and time stability of whole blood lactate: implications for feasibility of pre-hospital measurement. BMC Res Notes. 2011 May 30;4:169. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-169. PMID: 21624139; PMCID: PMC3125345.
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Hashim IA, Mohamed M, Cox A, Fernandez F, Kutscher P. Plasma lactate measurement as an example of encountered gaps between routine clinical laboratory processes and manufactures’ sample-handling instructions. Pract Lab Med. 2018 Oct 24;12:e00109. doi: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00109. PMID: 30426060; PMCID: PMC6223191.
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Liu V, Morehouse JW, Soule J, Whippy A, Escobar GJ. Fluid volume, lactate values, and mortality in sepsis patients with intermediate lactate values. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Oct;10(5):466-73. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201304-099OC. PMID: 24004068; PMCID: PMC5475420.
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Stacpoole PW. Lactic acidosis: the case against bicarbonate therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Aug;105(2):276-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-276. PMID: 3014943.
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Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V, Fleyfel M, Wattel F. Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med. 1991 Nov;19(11):1352-6. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199111000-00008. PMID: 1935152.
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Forsythe SM, Schmidt GA. Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):260-7. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.1.260. PMID: 10631227.
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Kraut JA, Kurtz I. Use of base in the treatment of severe acidemic states. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Oct;38(4):703-27. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.27688. PMID: 11576874.
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Park IH, Yang JH, Jang WJ, Chun WJ, Oh JH, Park YH, Ko YG, Yu CW, Kim BS, Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Jeong JO, Gwon HC. Clinical significance of lactate clearance in patients with cardiogenic shock: results from the RESCUE registry. J Intensive Care. 2021 Oct 18;9(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s40560-021-00571-7. PMID: 34663479; PMCID: PMC8522140.
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Kraut JA, Madias NE. Treatment of acute metabolic acidosis: a pathophysiologic approach. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 Oct;8(10):589-601. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.186. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22945490.
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Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, Lefrant JY, Lasocki S, Lescot T, Pottecher J, Demoule A, Ferrandière M, Asehnoune K, Dellamonica J, Velly L, Abback PS, de Jong A, Brunot V, Belafia F, Roquilly A, Chanques G, Muller L, Constantin JM, Bertet H, Klouche K, Molinari N, Jung B; BICAR-ICU Study Group. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Jul 7;392(10141):31-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31080-8. Epub 2018 Jun 14. Erratum in: Lancet. 2018 Dec 8;392(10163):2440. PMID: 29910040.
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Didwania A, Miller J, Kassel D, Jackson EV Jr, Chernow B. Effect of intravenous lactated Ringer’s solution infusion on the circulating lactate concentration: Part 3. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 1997 Nov;25(11):1851-4. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199711000-00024. PMID: 9366769.
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Hadimioglu N, Saadawy I, Saglam T, Ertug Z, Dinckan A. The effect of different crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance and early kidney function after kidney transplantation. Anesth Analg. 2008 Jul;107(1):264-9. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181732d64. PMID: 18635497.
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Shin WJ, Kim YK, Bang JY, Cho SK, Han SM, Hwang GS. Lactate and liver function tests after living donor right hepatectomy: a comparison of solutions with and without lactate. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011 May;55(5):558-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02398.x. Epub 2011 Feb 22. PMID: 21342149.
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Chen H, Zhao C, Wei Y, Jin J. Early lactate measurement is associated with better outcomes in septic patients with an elevated serum lactate level. Crit Care. 2019 Nov 11;23(1):351. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2625-0. PMID: 31711512; PMCID: PMC6849274.
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Mahmoodpoor A, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Golzari SEJ, Parthvi R, Hamishehkar H, Nader ND. Arterial vs venous lactate: Correlation and predictive value of mortality of patients with sepsis during early resuscitation phase. J Crit Care. 2020 Aug;58:118-124. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.05.019. Epub 2019 May 28. PMID: 31174974. 
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Mongkolpun W, Orbegozo D, Cordeiro CPR, Franco CJCS, Vincent JL, Creteur J. Alterations in Skin Blood Flow at the Fingertip Are Related to Mortality in Patients With Circulatory Shock. Crit Care Med. 2020 Apr;48(4):443-450. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004177. PMID: 32205589.
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Zitek T, Skaggs ZD, Rahbar A, Patel J, Khan M. Does Intravenous Lactated Ringer’s Solution Raise Serum Lactate? J Emerwg Med. 2018 Sep;55(3):313-318. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.05.031. Epub 2018 Jul 20. PMID: 30037514.
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Merdji H, Curtiaud A, Aheto A, Studer A, Harjola VP, Monnier A, Duarte K, Girerd N, Kibler M, Ait-Oufella H, Helms J, Mebazaa A, Levy B, Kimmoun A, Meziani F. Performance of Early Capillary Refill Time Measurement on Outcomes in Cardiogenic Shock: An Observational, Prospective Multicentric Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Nov 15;206(10):1230-1238. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0687OC. PMID: 35849736.
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Kattan E, Hernández G. The role of peripheral perfusion markers and lactate in septic shock resuscitation. J Intensive Med. 2021 Dec 21;2(1):17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jointm.2021.11.002. PMID: 36789233; PMCID: PMC9924002.
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Hernandez G, Bellomo R, Bakker J. The ten pitfalls of lactate clearance in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2019 Jan;45(1):82-85. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x. Epub 2018 May 12. PMID: 29754310; PMCID: PMC6334727.
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Mok G, Hendin A, Reardon P, Hickey M, Gray S, Yadav K. Macrocirculatory and Microcirculatory Endpoints in Sepsis Resuscitation. J Intensive Care Med. 2021 Dec;36(12):1385-1391. doi: 10.1177/0885066620982585. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PMID: 33375916.
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Nalos M, Leverve X, Huang S, Weisbrodt L, Parkin R, Seppelt I, Ting I, Mclean A. Half-molar sodium lactate infusion improves cardiac performance in acute heart failure: a pilot randomised controlled clinical trial. Crit Care. 2014 Mar 25;18(2):R48. doi: 10.1186/cc13793. PMID: 24666826; PMCID: PMC4057379.
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Haas SA, Lange T, Saugel B, Petzoldt M, Fuhrmann V, Metschke M, Kluge S. Severe hyperlactatemia, lactate clearance and mortality in unselected critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Feb;42(2):202-10. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4127-0. Epub 2015 Nov 10. PMID: 26556617.
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Jeyaraju M, McCurdy MT, Levine AR, Devarajan P, Mazzeffi MA, Mullins KE, Reif M, Yim DN, Parrino C, Lankford AS, Chow JH. Renin Kinetics Are Superior to Lactate Kinetics for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Hypotensive Critically Ill Patients. Crit Care Med. 2022 Jan 1;50(1):50-60. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005143. PMID: 34166293.
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