Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, Mcintyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, Schorr C, Simpson S, Wiersinga WJ, Alshamsi F, Angus DC, Arabi Y, Azevedo L, Beale R, Beilman G, Belley-Cote E, Burry L, Cecconi M, Centofanti J, Coz Yataco A, De Waele J, Dellinger RP, Doi K, Du B, Estenssoro E, Ferrer R, Gomersall C, Hodgson C, Møller MH, Iwashyna T, Jacob S, Kleinpell R, Klompas M, Koh Y, Kumar A, Kwizera A, Lobo S, Masur H, McGloughlin S, Mehta S, Mehta Y, Mer M, Nunnally M, Oczkowski S, Osborn T, Papathanassoglou E, Perner A, Puskarich M, Roberts J, Schweickert W, Seckel M, Sevransky J, Sprung CL, Welte T, Zimmerman J, Levy M. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-1247. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y. Epub 2021 Oct 2. PMID: 34599691; PMCID: PMC8486643. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Welker CC, Mielke JAR, Ramakrishna H. Levosimendan and Low Cardiac Output After Cardiac Surgery: Analysis of Trial Data. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Jul;37(7):1294-1297. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.011. Epub 2023 Mar 13. PMID: 37028989. Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Kislitsina ON, Rich JD, Wilcox JE, Pham DT, Churyla A, Vorovich EB, Ghafourian K, Yancy CW. Shock – Classification and Pathophysiological Principles of Therapeutics. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2019;15(2):102-113. doi: 10.2174/1573403X15666181212125024. PMID: 30543176; PMCID: PMC6520577. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Sun T, Zhang N, Cui N, Wang SH, Ding XX, Li N, Chen N, Yu ZB. Efficacy of Levosimendan in the Treatment of Patients With Severe Septic Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Mar;37(3):344-349. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.10.032. Epub 2022 Nov 6. PMID: 36473763. Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Gordon AC, Perkins GD, Singer M, McAuley DF, Orme RM, Santhakumaran S, Mason AJ, Cross M, Al-Beidh F, Best-Lane J, Brealey D, Nutt CL, McNamee JJ, Reschreiter H, Breen A, Liu KD, Ashby D. Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 27;375(17):1638-1648. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1609409. Epub 2016 Oct 5. PMID: 27705084. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Mehta RH, Leimberger JD, van Diepen S, Meza J, Wang A, Jankowich R, Harrison RW, Hay D, Fremes S, Duncan A, Soltesz EG, Luber J, Park S, Argenziano M, Murphy E, Marcel R, Kalavrouziotis D, Nagpal D, Bozinovski J, Toller W, Heringlake M, Goodman SG, Levy JH, Harrington RA, Anstrom KJ, Alexander JH; LEVO-CTS Investigators. Levosimendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 25;376(21):2032-2042. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1616218. Epub 2017 Mar 19. PMID: 28316276. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Cholley B, Caruba T, Grosjean S, Amour J, Ouattara A, Villacorta J, Miguet B, Guinet P, Lévy F, Squara P, Aït Hamou N, Carillion A, Boyer J, Boughenou MF, Rosier S, Robin E, Radutoiu M, Durand M, Guidon C, Desebbe O, Charles-Nelson A, Menasché P, Rozec B, Girard C, Fellahi JL, Pirracchio R, Chatellier G; -. Effect of Levosimendan on Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in Patients With Low Ejection Fraction Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With Cardiopulmonary Bypass: The LICORN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Aug 8;318(6):548-556. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.9973. PMID: 28787507; PMCID: PMC5817482. Link to Article AND FULL FREE PDF
Landoni G, Lomivorotov VV, Alvaro G, Lobreglio R, Pisano A, Guarracino F, Calabrò MG, Grigoryev EV, Likhvantsev VV, Salgado-Filho MF, Bianchi A, Pasyuga VV, Baiocchi M, Pappalardo F, Monaco F, Boboshko VA, Abubakirov MN, Amantea B, Lembo R, Brazzi L, Verniero L, Bertini P, Scandroglio AM, Bove T, Belletti A, Michienzi MG, Shukevich DL, Zabelina TS, Bellomo R, Zangrillo A; CHEETAH Study Group. Levosimendan for Hemodynamic Support after Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 25;376(21):2021-2031. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1616325. Epub 2017 Mar 21. PMID: 28320259. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Tholén M, Ricksten SE, Lannemyr L. Effects of levosimendan on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration in patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Crit Care. 2021 Jun 12;25(1):207. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03628-z. PMID: 34118980; PMCID: PMC8199833. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Abdel Hamid HA, El-Tohamy SA. Comparison between milrinone and levosimendan infusion in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Oct 13];7:114-20. Available from: http://www.asja.eg.net/text.asp?2014/7/2/114/133308 Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Orion Pharmaceuticals. Simdax: Levosimendan (Package Insert). https://www.hpra.ie/img/uploaded/swedocuments/f255c6f4-40a8-4c0f-b034-e20069403900.pdf. Revised February 2022. Accessed November 2023. Link to FULL FREE PDF
Chan CC, Lee KT, Ho WJ, Chan YH, Chu PH. Levosimendan use in patients with acute heart failure and reduced ejection fraction with or without severe renal dysfunction in critical cardiac care units: a multi-institution database study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021 Feb 8;11(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13613-021-00810-y. PMID: 33555483; PMCID: PMC7869075. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Hospira Pharmaceuticals. Dobutamine (Package Insert). U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020201s036lbl.pdf. Revised May 2016. Accessed November 2023. Link to PDF
Uhlig K, Efremov L, Tongers J, Frantz S, Mikolajczyk R, Sedding D, Schumann J. Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 5;11(11):CD009669. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009669.pub4. PMID: 33152122; PMCID: PMC8094388. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Fuhrmann JT, Schmeisser A, Schulze MR, Wunderlich C, Schoen SP, Rauwolf T, Weinbrenner C, Strasser RH. Levosimendan is superior to enoximone in refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):2257-66. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181809846. Erratum in: Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct;36(10):2966. PMID: 18664782. Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Bhattacharjee S, Soni KD, Maitra S, Baidya DK. Levosimendan does not provide mortality benefit over dobutamine in adult patients with septic shock: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Jun;39:67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.03.011. Epub 2017 Mar 30. PMID: 28494911. Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Radosevich M, Couture EJ, Nabzdyk C. Levosimendan And Septic Cardiomyopathy: A Key That May Have Found Its Lock? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Mar;37(3):350-352. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.12.012. Epub 2022 Dec 19. PMID: 36609077. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Cholley B, Levy B, Fellahi JL, Longrois D, Amour J, Ouattara A, Mebazaa A. Levosimendan in the light of the results of the recent randomized controlled trials: an expert opinion paper. Crit Care. 2019 Nov 29;23(1):385. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2674-4. PMID: 31783891; PMCID: PMC6883606. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
Cholley B, Bojan M, Guillon B, Besnier E, Mattei M, Levy B, Ouattara A, Tafer N, Delmas C, Tonon D, Rozec B, Fellahi JL, Lim P, Labaste F, Roubille F, Caruba T, Mauriat P; ARCOTHOVA study group. Overview of the current use of levosimendan in France: a prospective observational cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2023 Aug 8;13(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s13613-023-01164-3. Erratum in: Ann Intensive Care. 2023 Sep 29;13(1):94. PMID: 37552372; PMCID: PMC10409690. Link to Article Link to FULL FREE PDF
