Milrinone Citations: The Vasopressor & Inotrope Handbook

Hollenberg SM. Vasoactive drugs in circulatory shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr 1;183(7):847-55. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201006-0972CI. Epub 2010 Nov 19. PMID: 21097695.
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Bangash MN, Kong ML, Pearse RM. Use of inotropes and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(7):2015-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01588.x. PMID: 21740415; PMCID: PMC3413841.
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Baruch L, Patacsil P, Hameed A, Pina I, Loh E. Pharmacodynamic effects of milrinone with and without a bolus loading infusion. Am Heart J. 2001 Feb;141(2):266-73. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.111404. PMID: 11174341.
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Carceles MD, Fuentes T, Aroca V, Lopez J, Hernández J. Effects of milrinone on contractility and cyclic adenosine monophosphate production induced by beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor activation in human myocardium. Clin Ther. 2007 Aug;29(8):1718-24. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.08.009. PMID: 17919552.
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Rossinen J, Harjola VP, Siirila-Waris K, Lassus J, Melin J, Peuhkurinen K, Nieminen MS. The use of more than one inotrope in acute heart failure is associated with increased mortality: a multi-centre observational study. Acute Card Care. 2008;10(4):209-13. doi: 10.1080/17482940802262376. PMID: 18720087.
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Givertz MM, Hare JM, Loh E, Gauthier DF, Colucci WS. Effect of bolus milrinone on hemodynamic variables and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a rapid test for reversibility of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Dec;28(7):1775-80. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00399-3. PMID: 8962566.
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Petersen JW, Felker GM. Inotropes in the management of acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S106-11. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000296273.72952.39. PMID: 18158469.
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Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF Jr, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS, Massie BM, O’Connor CM, Pina I, Quigg R, Silver MA, Gheorghiade M; Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) Investigators. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Mar 27;287(12):1541-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.12.1541. PMID: 11911756.
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Felker GM, Benza RL, Chandler AB, Leimberger JD, Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Gheorghiade M, O’Connor CM; OPTIME-CHF Investigators. Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Mar 19;41(6):997-1003. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02968-6. PMID: 12651048.
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Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J. The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Nov 3;54(19):1747-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015. PMID: 19874988.
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Lowes BD, Tsvetkova T, Eichhorn EJ, Gilbert EM, Bristow MR. Milrinone versus dobutamine in heart failure subjects treated chronically with carvedilol. Int J Cardiol. 2001 Dec;81(2-3):141-9. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00520-4. PMID: 11744130.
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Metra M, Nodari S, D’Aloia A, Muneretto C, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, Dei Cas L. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Oct 2;40(7):1248-58. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02134-4. PMID: 12383572.
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Royster RL, Butterworth JF 4th, Prielipp RC, Zaloga GP, Lawless SG, Spray BJ, Kon ND, Wallenhaupt SL, Cordell AR. Combined inotropic effects of amrinone and epinephrine after cardiopulmonary bypass in humans. Anesth Analg. 1993 Oct;77(4):662-72. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199310000-00003. PMID: 8214647.
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Boldt J, Kling D, Moosdorf R, Hempelmann G. Enoximone treatment of impaired myocardial function during cardiac surgery: combined effects with epinephrine. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1990 Aug;4(4):462-8. doi: 10.1016/0888-6296(90)90292-n. PMID: 2151889.
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Eichhorn EJ, Konstam MA, Weiland DS, Roberts DJ, Martin TT, Stransky NB, Salem DN. Differential effects of milrinone and dobutamine on right ventricular preload, afterload and systolic performance in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Dec 1;60(16):1329-33. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90616-3. PMID: 3687783.
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Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, Hendrix GH, Bommer WJ, Elkayam U, Kukin ML, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Nov 21;325(21):1468-75. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199111213252103. PMID: 1944425.
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Fuhrmann JT, Schmeisser A, Schulze MR, Wunderlich C, Schoen SP, Rauwolf T, Weinbrenner C, Strasser RH. Levosimendan is superior to enoximone in refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;36(8):2257-66. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181809846. Erratum in: Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct;36(10):2966. PMID: 18664782.
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Grose R, Strain J, Greenberg M, LeJemtel TH. Systemic and coronary effects of intravenous milrinone and dobutamine in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 May;7(5):1107-13. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80231-5. PMID: 3958369.
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Shipley JB, Tolman D, Hastillo A, Hess ML. Milrinone: basic and clinical pharmacology and acute and chronic management. Am J Med Sci. 1996 Jun;311(6):286-91. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199606000-00011. PMID: 8659556.
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Levy B, Bastien O, Karim B, Cariou A, Chouihed T, Combes A, Mebazaa A, Megarbane B, Plaisance P, Ouattara A, Spaulding C, Teboul JL, Vanhuyse F, Boulain T, Kuteifan K. Experts’ recommendations for the management of adult patients with cardiogenic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Dec;5(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0052-1. Epub 2015 Jul 1. Erratum in: Ann Intensive Care. 2015 Dec;5(1):26. Benjelid, Karim [corrected to Karim, Bendjelid]; Splaulding, Christian [corrected to Spaulding, Christian]. PMID: 26152849; PMCID: PMC4495097.
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Yamani MH, Haji SA, Starling RC, Kelly L, Albert N, Knack DL, Young JB. Comparison of dobutamine-based and milrinone-based therapy for advanced decompensated congestive heart failure: Hemodynamic efficacy, clinical outcome, and economic impact. Am Heart J. 2001 Dec;142(6):998-1002. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.119610. PMID: 11717603.
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Aranda JM Jr, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Cleeton TS, Walker TC, Monroe VS Jr, Leach D, Lopez LM, Hill JA. Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial. Am Heart J. 2003 Feb;145(2):324-9. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2003.50. PMID: 12595851.
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Mager G, Klocke RK, Kux A, Höpp HW, Hilger HH. Phosphodiesterase III inhibition or adrenoreceptor stimulation: milrinone as an alternative to dobutamine in the treatment of severe heart failure. Am Heart J. 1991 Jun;121(6 Pt 2):1974-83. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90834-5. PMID: 1852090.
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Feneck RO, Sherry KM, Withington PS, Oduro-Dominah A; European Milrinone Multicenter Trial Group. Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of milrinone with dobutamine in patients after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001 Jun;15(3):306-15. doi: 10.1053/jcan.2001.23274. PMID: 11426360.
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Biddle TL, Benotti JR, Creager MA, Faxon DP, Firth BG, Fitzpatrick PG, Konstam MA, Krebs C, Walton L, Kershner RP, et al. Comparison of intravenous milrinone and dobutamine for congestive heart failure secondary to either ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Jun 1;59(15):1345-50. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90917-9. PMID: 3591689.
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Karlsberg RP, DeWood MA, DeMaria AN, Berk MR, Lasher KP. Comparative efficacy of short-term intravenous infusions of milrinone and dobutamine in acute congestive heart failure following acute myocardial infarction. Milrinone-Dobutamine Study Group. Clin Cardiol. 1996 Jan;19(1):21-30. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960190106. PMID: 8903534.
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Valkovec AM, Kram SJ, Henderson JB, Levy JH. Renal Dysfunction and Arrhythmia Association in Patients Receiving Milrinone After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Mar;37(3):353-359. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.11.027. Epub 2022 Nov 25. PMID: 36566129.
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Sato R, Ariyoshi N, Hasegawa D, Crossey E, Hamahata N, Ishihara T, Nasu M, Devendra G. Effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock. J Intensive Care Med. 2021 Feb;36(2):211-219. doi: 10.1177/0885066619892218. Epub 2019 Dec 3. PMID: 31793373.
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Shailendra K. Motwani, Helen Saunders. Inotropes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. Volume 22, Issue 4, April 2021, Pages 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.02.011
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Botha P, Parry G, Dark JH, Macgowan GA. Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous sildenafil citrate in congestive heart failure: comparison of phosphodiesterase type-3 and -5 inhibition. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009 Jul;28(7):676-82. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2009.04.013. Epub 2009 May 13. PMID: 19560695.
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Solina A, Papp D, Ginsberg S, Krause T, Grubb W, Scholz P, Pena LL, Cody R. A comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and milrinone for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in adult cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000 Feb;14(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/s1053-0770(00)90048-x. PMID: 10698385.
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Boldt J, Kling D, Moosdorf R, Hempelmann G. Enoximone treatment of impaired myocardial function during cardiac surgery: combined effects with epinephrine. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1990 Aug;4(4):462-8. doi: 10.1016/0888-6296(90)90292-n. PMID: 2151889.
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Tamaki Y, Yaku H, Morimoto T, Inuzuka Y, Ozasa N, Yamamoto E, Yoshikawa Y, Miyake M, Kondo H, Tamura T, Kitai T, Iguchi M, Nagao K, Nishikawa R, Kawase Y, Morinaga T, Kawato M, Toyofuku M, Sato Y, Kuwahara K, Nakagawa Y, Kato T, Kimura T; KCHF Study Investigators. Lower In-Hospital Mortality With Beta-Blocker Use at Admission in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Jul 6;10(13):e020012. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.020012. Epub 2021 Jun 26. PMID: 34180244; PMCID: PMC8403288.
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Schoonen A, van Klei WA, van Wolfswinkel L, van Loon K. Definitions of low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery and their effect on the incidence of intraoperative LCOS: A literature review and cohort study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Sep 29;9:926957. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.926957. PMID: 36247457; PMCID: PMC9558721.
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Lewis TC, Aberle C, Altshuler D, Piper GL, Papadopoulos J. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Between Milrinone or Dobutamine as Initial Inotrope Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Mar;24(2):130-138. doi: 10.1177/1074248418797357. Epub 2018 Sep 2. PMID: 30175599.
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Uhlig K, Efremov L, Tongers J, Frantz S, Mikolajczyk R, Sedding D, Schumann J. Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 5;11(11):CD009669. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009669.pub4. PMID: 33152122; PMCID: PMC8094388.
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Atallah G, George M, Lehot JJ, Bastien O, Bejuit R, Durand PG, Estanove S. Arythmies chez les patients en bas débit cardiaque après chirurgie valvulaire. Etude randomisée, aveugle et comparative dobutamine versus énoximone [Arrhythmia in patients with low cardiac output after valvular surgery. Randomized, double-blind comparative study of dobutamine versus enoximone]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1990 Sep;83 Spec No 3:63-8. French. PMID: 2147837.

Lançon JP, Caillard B, Volot F, Obadia JF, Bock F. Comparaison de l’enoximone et de la dobutamine dans le traitement du bas débit cardiaque après chirurgie cardiaque [Comparison of enoximone versus tobutamine in the treatment of low cardiac output after cardiac surgery]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1990;9(3):289-94. French. doi: 10.1016/s0750-7658(05)80189-3. Erratum in: Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1990;9(5):VIII. PMID: 2142589.
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Sami F, Acharya P, Noonan G, Maurides S, Al-Masry AA, Bajwa S, Parimi N, Boda I, Tran C, Goyal A, Mastoris I, Dalia T, Sauer A, Bakel AV, Shah Z. Palliative Inotropes in Advanced Heart Failure: Comparing Outcomes Between Milrinone and Dobutamine. J Card Fail. 2022 Dec;28(12):1683-1691. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.08.007. Epub 2022 Sep 17. PMID: 36122816.
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How to cite FDA “FDA Approved Drug Products: PRIMACOR (milrinone) injection”