The following are the citations for my book “The Vasopressor & Inotrope Handbook: A Practical Guide for Healthcare Professionals.” If you stumbled upon this page via a search engine, you have several options to get a copy, as shown below the citations.
- Weingartner R, Oliveira E, Oliveira ES, Sant’Anna UL, Oliveira RP, Azambuja LA, Friedman G. Blockade of the action of nitric oxide in human septic shock increases systemic vascular resistance and has detrimental effects on pulmonary function after a short infusion of methylene blue. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999 Dec;32(12):1505-13. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879×1999001200009. PMID: 10585632.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Diaz Soto JC, Nabzdyk CGS. Running on (Too Many) Fumes? Gaseous Mediators in Septic Shock: A Possible Role for High-Dose Vitamin B12. Chest. 2023 Feb;163(2):262-263. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.10.012. PMID: 36759109.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Muhammad R, Dharmadjati BB, Mulia EPB, Rachmi DA. Vasoplegia: Mechanism and Management Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Eurasian J Med. 2022 Feb;54(1):92-99. doi: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.20394. PMID: 35307639; PMCID: PMC9634875.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Ozal E, Kuralay E, Yildirim V, Kilic S, Bolcal C, Kücükarslan N, Günay C, Demirkilic U, Tatar H. Preoperative methylene blue administration in patients at high risk for vasoplegic syndrome during cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 May;79(5):1615-9. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.10.038. PMID: 15854942.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Ibarra-Estrada M, Kattan E, Aguilera-González P, Sandoval-Plascencia L, Rico-Jauregui U, Gómez-Partida CA, Ortiz-Macías IX, López-Pulgarín JA, Chávez-Peña Q, Mijangos-Méndez JC, Aguirre-Avalos G, Hernández G. Early adjunctive methylene blue in patients with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2023 Mar 13;27(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04397-7. PMID: 36915146; PMCID: PMC10010212.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Schumacher LD, Blumer V, Chaparro SV. Methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome after left ventricular assist device implantation: A case report and literature review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Sep;154(3):e39-e43. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.053. Epub 2017 May 24. PMID: 28655448.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Katzianer D, Chism K, Qureshi AM, Watson R, Massey HT, Boyle AJ, Reeves G, Danelich I. Serotonin syndrome following left ventricular assist device implantation: A report and institution-specific strategy for prevention. J Cardiol Cases. 2019 Sep 17;20(6):218-220. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2019.09.004. PMID: 31762837; PMCID: PMC6859538.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Basta MN. Postoperative Serotonin Syndrome Following Methylene Blue Administration for Vasoplegia After Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Mar;25(1):51-56. doi: 10.1177/1089253220960255. Epub 2020 Sep 21. PMID: 32951524.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Cruise C, MacKinnon J, Tough J, Houston P. Comparison of meperidine and pancuronium for the treatment of shivering after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Jul;39(6):563-8. doi: 10.1007/BF03008319. PMID: 1643679.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Wolvetang T, Janse R, Ter Horst M. Serotonin Syndrome After Methylene Blue Administration During Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report and Review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2016 Aug;30(4):1042-5. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.11.019. Epub 2015 Dec 1. PMID: 27130452.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Katzianer D, Chism K, Qureshi AM, Watson R, Massey HT, Boyle AJ, Reeves G, Danelich I. Serotonin syndrome following left ventricular assist device implantation: A report and institution-specific strategy for prevention. J Cardiol Cases. 2019 Sep 17;20(6):218-220. doi: 10.1016/j.jccase.2019.09.004. PMID: 31762837; PMCID: PMC6859538.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Pruna A, Bonaccorso A, Belletti A, Turi S, Di Prima AL, D’amico F, Zangrillo A, Kotani Y, Landoni G. Methylene Blue Reduces Mortality in Critically Ill and Perioperative Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Oct 1:S1053-0770(23)00802-9. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.09.037. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37880041.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Kram SJ, Kram BL, Cook JC, Ohman KL, Ghadimi K. Hydroxocobalamin or Methylene Blue for Vasoplegic Syndrome in Adult Cardiothoracic Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022 Feb;36(2):469-476. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.05.042. Epub 2021 May 27. PMID: 34176677.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Brokmeier HM, Seelhammer TG, Nei SD, Gerberi DJ, Mara KC, Wittwer ED, Wieruszewski PM. Hydroxocobalamin for Vasodilatory Hypotension in Shock: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis for Comparison to Methylene Blue. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Sep;37(9):1757-1772. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.04.006. Epub 2023 Apr 7. PMID: 37147207.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Klijian A, Khanna AK, Reddy VS, Friedman B, Ortoleva J, Evans AS, Panwar R, Kroll S, Greenfeld CR, Chatterjee S. Treatment With Angiotensin II Is Associated With Rapid Blood Pressure Response and Vasopressor Sparing in Patients With Vasoplegia After Cardiac Surgery: A Post-Hoc Analysis of Angiotensin II for the Treatment of High-Output Shock (ATHOS-3) Study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Jan;35(1):51-58. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.08.001. Epub 2020 Aug 7. PMID: 32868152.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Robinson DN, McFadzean WA. Pulse oximetry and methylene blue. Anaesthesia. 1990 Oct;45(10):884-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14584.x. PMID: 2240510.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Eisenkraft JB. Methylene blue and pulse oximetry readings: spuriouser and spuriouser. Anesthesiology. 1988 Jan;68(1):171-2. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198801000-00041. PMID: 3337381.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Gachot B, Bedos JP, Veber B, Wolff M, Regnier B. Short-term effects of methylene blue on hemodynamics and gas exchange in humans with septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 1995 Dec;21(12):1027-31. doi: 10.1007/BF01700666. PMID: 8750129.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - McCartney SL, Duce L, Ghadimi K. Intraoperative vasoplegia: methylene blue to the rescue! Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018 Feb;31(1):43-49. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000548. PMID: 29176374.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Jang DH, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Methylene blue for distributive shock: a potential new use of an old antidote. J Med Toxicol. 2013 Sep;9(3):242-9. doi: 10.1007/s13181-013-0298-7. PMID: 23580172; PMCID: PMC3770994.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Arevalo VN, Bullerwell ML. Methylene Blue as an Adjunct to Treat Vasoplegia in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Literature Review. AANA J. 2018 Dec;86(6):455-463. PMID: 31584419.
Link to Abstract - Puntillo F, Giglio M, Pasqualucci A, Brienza N, Paladini A, Varrassi G. Vasopressor-Sparing Action of Methylene Blue in Severe Sepsis and Shock: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020 Sep;37(9):3692-3706. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01422-x. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PMID: 32705530; PMCID: PMC7444404.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Petermichl W, Gruber M, Schoeller I, Allouch K, Graf BM, Zausig YA. The additional use of methylene blue has a decatecholaminisation effect on cardiac vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021 Jul 28;16(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s13019-021-01579-8. PMID: 34321019; PMCID: PMC8320154.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Ortoleva JP, Cobey FC. A Systematic Approach to the Treatment of Vasoplegia Based on Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019 May;33(5):1310-1314. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.11.025. Epub 2018 Nov 24. PMID: 30598380.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Zhao CC, Zhai YJ, Hu ZJ, Huo Y, Li ZQ, Zhu GJ. Efficacy and safety of methylene blue in patients with vasodilatory shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Sep 26;9:950596. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.950596. PMID: 36237547; PMCID: PMC9552293.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Maslow AD, Stearns G, Butala P, Schwartz CS, Gough J, Singh AK. The hemodynamic effects of methylene blue when administered at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2006 Jul;103(1):2-8, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000221261.25310.fe. Erratum in: Anesth Analg. 2007 Jan;104(1):50. Batula, Parag [corrected to Butala, Parag]. PMID: 16790616.
Link to Article and FULL FREE PDF - Kirov MY, Evgenov OV, Evgenov NV, Egorina EM, Sovershaev MA, Sveinbjørnsson B, Nedashkovsky EV, Bjertnaes LJ. Infusion of methylene blue in human septic shock: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Crit Care Med. 2001 Oct;29(10):1860-7. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200110000-00002. PMID: 11588440.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Hohlfelder B, Douglas A, Wang L, Wanek M, Bauer SR. Association of Methylene Blue Dosing With Hemodynamic Response for the Treatment of Vasoplegia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022 Sep;36(9):3543-3550. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.04.003. Epub 2022 Apr 7. PMID: 35697643.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Puntillo F, Giglio M, Pasqualucci A, Brienza N, Paladini A, Varrassi G. Vasopressor-Sparing Action of Methylene Blue in Severe Sepsis and Shock: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther. 2020 Sep;37(9):3692-3706. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01422-x. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PMID: 32705530; PMCID: PMC7444404.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Mazzeffi M, Hammer B, Chen E, Caridi-Scheible M, Ramsay J, Paciullo C. Methylene blue for postcardiopulmonary bypass vasoplegic syndrome: A cohort study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017 Apr-Jun;20(2):178-181. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_237_16. PMID: 28393777; PMCID: PMC5408522.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Busse LW, Barker N, Petersen C. Vasoplegic syndrome following cardiothoracic surgery-review of pathophysiology and update of treatment options. Crit Care. 2020 Feb 4;24(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2743-8. PMID: 32019600; PMCID: PMC7001322.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Authors/Task Force members; Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, Collet JP, Cremer J, Falk V, Filippatos G, Hamm C, Head SJ, Jüni P, Kappetein AP, Kastrati A, Knuuti J, Landmesser U, Laufer G, Neumann FJ, Richter DJ, Schauerte P, Sousa Uva M, Stefanini GG, Taggart DP, Torracca L, Valgimigli M, Wijns W, Witkowski A. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 1;35(37):2541-619. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278. Epub 2014 Aug 29. PMID: 25173339.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Argenziano M, Chen JM, Choudhri AF, Cullinane S, Garfein E, Weinberg AD, Smith CR Jr, Rose EA, Landry DW, Oz MC. Management of vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery: identification of predisposing factors and use of a novel pressor agent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 Dec;116(6):973-80. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70049-2. PMID: 9832689.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Paciullo CA, McMahon Horner D, Hatton KW, Flynn JD. Methylene blue for the treatment of septic shock. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Jul;30(7):702-15. doi: 10.1592/phco.30.7.702. PMID: 20575634.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Yiu P, Robin J, Pattison CW. Reversal of refractory hypotension with single-dose methylene blue after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999 Jul;118(1):195-6. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(99)70161-3. PMID: 10384205.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Perdhana F, Kloping NA, Witarto AP, Nugraha D, Yogiswara N, Luke K, Kloping YP, Rehatta NM. Methylene blue for vasoplegic syndrome in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2021 Oct;29(8):717-728. doi: 10.1177/0218492321998523. Epub 2021 Mar 2. PMID: 33653154.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Ortoleva J, Roberts RJ, Devine LT, French A, Kawabori M, Chen F, Shelton K, Dalia AA. Methylene Blue for Vasoplegia During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 Sep;35(9):2694-2699. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.12.042. Epub 2020 Dec 29. PMID: 33455885.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Furnish C, Mueller SW, Kiser TH, Dufficy L, Sullivan B, Beyer JT. Hydroxocobalamin Versus Methylene Blue for Vasoplegic Syndrome in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020 Jul;34(7):1763-1770. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.01.033. Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 32115360.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Methylene blue. Lexicomp online. Hudson, OH, Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Accessed August 16, 2023.
- Hydroxocobalamin. Lexicomp online. Hudson, OH, Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Accessed August 16, 2023.
- Burnes ML, Boettcher BT, Woehlck HJ, Zundel MT, Iqbal Z, Pagel PS. Hydroxocobalamin as a Rescue Treatment for Refractory Vasoplegic Syndrome After Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017 Jun;31(3):1012-1014. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.08.019. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PMID: 27838199.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Cai Y, Mack A, Ladlie BL, Martin AK. The use of intravenous hydroxocobalamin as a rescue in methylene blue-resistant vasoplegic syndrome in cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017 Oct-Dec;20(4):462-464. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_88_17. PMID: 28994688; PMCID: PMC5661322.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Feih JT, Rinka JRG, Zundel MT. Methylene Blue Monotherapy Compared With Combination Therapy With Hydroxocobalamin for the Treatment of Refractory Vasoplegic Syndrome: ARetrospective Cohort Study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019 May;33(5):1301-1307. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.11.020. Epub 2018 Nov 16. PMID: 30606508.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Kirov MY, Evgenov OV, Evgenov NV, Egorina EM, Sovershaev MA, Sveinbjørnsson B, Nedashkovsky EV, Bjertnaes LJ. Infusion of methylene blue in human septic shock: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Crit Care Med. 2001 Oct;29(10):1860-7. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200110000-00002. PMID: 11588440.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Memis D, Karamanlioglu B, Yuksel M, Gemlik I, Pamukcu Z. The influence of methylene blue infusion on cytokine levels during severe sepsis. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2002 Dec;30(6):755-62. doi: 10.1177/0310057X0203000606. PMID: 12500513.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Harvey SE, Bell D, Bion JF, Coats TJ, Singer M, Young JD, Rowan KM; ProMISe Trial Investigators. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1301-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500896. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25776532.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - ProCESS Investigators; Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, Filbin MR, Shapiro NI, Angus DC. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 1;370(18):1683-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. Epub 2014 Mar 18. PMID: 24635773; PMCID: PMC4101700.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - ARISE Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group; Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1496-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. Epub 2014 Oct 1. PMID: 25272316.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Teja B, Bosch NA, Walkey AJ. How We Escalate Vasopressor and Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock. Chest. 2023 Mar;163(3):567-574. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.09.019. Epub 2022 Sep 23. PMID: 36162481.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Jozwiak M. Alternatives to norepinephrine in septic shock: Which agents and when? J Intensive Med. 2022 Jun 12;2(4):223-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.05.001. PMID: 36788938; PMCID: PMC9924015.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - ProvayBlue® (methylene blue) Injection, USP [package insert]. Shirley, NY: American Regent, Inc.; 12/2021.
Link to PDF - Leyh RG, Kofidis T, Strüber M, Fischer S, Knobloch K, Wachsmann B, Hagl C, Simon AR, Haverich A. Methylene blue: the drug of choice for catecholamine-refractory vasoplegia after cardiopulmonary bypass? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Jun;125(6):1426-31. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5223(02)73284-4. PMID: 12830064.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Hosseinian L, Weiner M, Levin MA, Fischer GW. Methylene Blue: Magic Bullet for Vasoplegia? Anesth Analg. 2016 Jan;122(1):194-201. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001045. PMID: 26678471.
Link to Article AND FULL FREE PDF - Jorge-Monjas P, Bardají-Carrillo M, Lorenzo-López M, Tamayo E. Time Matters When Adding Corticosteroids to Escalating Vasopressors in Septic Shock. Chest. 2023 Jul;164(1):e19-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.048. PMID: 37423702.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Valent P, Groner B, Schumacher U, Superti-Furga G, Busslinger M, Kralovics R, Zielinski C, Penninger JM, Kerjaschki D, Stingl G, Smolen JS, Valenta R, Lassmann H, Kovar H, Jäger U, Kornek G, Müller M, Sörgel F. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and His Contributions to the Foundation and Birth of Translational Medicine. J Innate Immun. 2016;8(2):111-20. doi: 10.1159/000443526. Epub 2016 Feb 5. PMID: 26845587; PMCID: PMC6738855.
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Link to FULL FREE PDF - Juffermans NP, Vervloet MG, Daemen-Gubbels CR, Binnekade JM, de Jong M, Groeneveld AB. A dose-finding study of methylene blue to inhibit nitric oxide actions in the hemodynamics of human septic shock. Nitric Oxide. 2010 May 15;22(4):275-80. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.01.006. Epub 2010 Jan 28. PMID: 20109575.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article - Woehlck HJ, Zundel MT, Iqbal Z, Pagel PS. Hydroxocobalamin as a Rescue Treatment for Refractory Vasoplegic Syndrome After Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017 Jun;31(3):1012-1014. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.08.019. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PMID: 27838199.
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