In an effort to not fly blind in patients with advanced heart failure or cardiogenic shock, certain equations exist to help us manage our patients. This helps us identify who is not doing well and act on their deterioration before it really hits the fan. To measure how the left heart is doing, we use cardiac power output (CPO) which I have dissected in THIS POST. To measure how the right heart is doing, I introduce you to the pulmonary artery pulsatility index. I’d like to clarify right off the bat that, per Lim et al. “the PAPi is related to, but is not a direct measure of RV function”. The index is here to help us, not to be an absolute. Definitely recommend you check out that Lim article as it is far more thorough than this post.
Cite this post as: Eddy J. Gutierrez, “Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)”, eddyjoemd blog, July 6, 2022. Available at: https://eddyjoemd.com/papi/
How do we obtain a Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)?
If you want to obtain a pulmonary artery pulsatility index on your patient, you need to float a Swan Ganz catheter. This catheter is also called a pulmonary artery catheter. Yes, this is invasive. Then again, these patients are incredibly sick. In the back of our minds we are contemplating performing far more invasive procedures to save their lives such as right-sided mechanical circulatory support. The values you need to plug into the equation are the pulse pressure of the pulmonary artery. You take the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and subtract it from the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (dPAP). That pulse pressure is divided by the central venous pressure (CVP).
PAPi=(systolic pulmonary artery pressure-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure)/CVP
Instead of obtaining a PAPi, why don’t we just do an echo?
It is understandable if you want to limit the procedures performed on patients. Some may not have the comfort level to float a swan. An echocardiogram may be a reasonable alternative to attempt to obtain. To be honest, obtaining views of the right heart via echocardiography is not very straightforward. It is challenging to obtain windows in many patients for a number of reasons. I care for many post-op cardiac surgery patients who recently had a sternotomy. It is almost impossible to obtain a window sufficient to make a clinical determination. Sure, one could potentially drop a TEE probe, but this skill set is not as ubiquitous as we all wish it was. Heck, I haven’t done this myself in a number of years.
TAPSE
When an echo is performed, we look at the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Per Škulec et al., TAPSE is “evaluated from a four-chamber apical view, is an echocardiographic parameter for the detection of right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVD)”. TAPSE “is measured from the apical four-chamber view using M-mode imaging”. A TAPSE < 16 mm is considered abnormal. Digging deeper into TAPSE is beyond the scope of this post.
What does a Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi) tell us?
PAPi was first validated in 2012 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. These patients had severe right ventricular dysfunction. For the sake of this post, we are going to ignore the cutoffs used for patients who are s/p implantable LVADs. If you’re looking for PAPi in LVAD patients, CLICK HERE for an article that could help you.
PAPi < 0.9
– indicates possible RV failure and that the clinician should consider RV support. Like everything in medicine, this is NOT an absolute.
PAPi > 0.9
– indicates that the RV is likely normal. Some literature uses PAPI>1.0.
Limitations of the Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)
Kapur et al. states that PAPi has not been studied in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension may throw off the accuracy of the pulmonary artery pulsatility index because there has been remodeling of the right heart. To my knowledge, I have not encountered any data on using PAPi in the post-cardiac surgery population nor in chronic heart failure.
What about s/p cardiac surgery and chronic decompensated right heart failure?
At the moment, we do not have data as to whether the pulmonary artery pulsatility index works or not. It likely works, but the magic number one may not be the right number to determine if the RV is failing or not. LVAD patients, for example, had a happy right heart when the PAPi was 2 or higher. Some of us still use the number of one in practice in populations outside of the ones represented in clinical trials, but we have to be academically honest with ourselves that this is guesswork rather than proven in the data.
How to Use PAPi in Practice
In my practice, the majority of my patients who come to the cardiac ICU in cardiogenic shock come either after an acute myocardial infarction, or decompensated heart failure. Before they are admitted to the ICU, they pass through the hands of our ER colleagues. Usually, there is a baseline echocardiogram is ordered. I typically place a probe on the chest of the patient to take a quick look if the echo techs are busy. I am also usually having discussions with my cardiology colleagues as well. Depending on their hemodynamics and physical exam, I choose my monitoring device.
If their cardiogenic shock looks to be an isolated left heart issue, I will try using the pulse-contour analysis technology I have available to me at my shop. Sometimes the one that goes on the finger provides numbers that are sufficiently reliable. Let’s be honest, cardiogenic shock patients have cold fingers which affect the reliability of this device. An arterial line will be placed for more reliable numbers. If there are right heart issues, then a swan is in the cards for the patient. Consent needs to be obtained as floating a swan is not without risks. Once the swan is floated, I calculate a PAPi as well as a CPO. If the PAPi is suboptimal and there is no immediately reversible issue that could be resolved with a stent, then it is time to consider mechanical circulatory support such as the ProtekDuo.
Citations
Lim HS, Gustafsson F. Pulmonary artery pulsatility index: physiological basis and clinical application. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 Jan;22(1):32-38. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1679. Epub 2019 Nov 28. PMID: 31782244.
Link to Article
Link to FULL FREE PDF
Škulec R, Parizek T, Stadlerova B, Bilska M, Cerny V. Subcostal TAPSE measured by anatomical M-mode: prospective reliability clinical study in critically ill patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2021 Nov;87(11):1200-1208. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.21.15464-1. Epub 2021 May 13. PMID: 33982987.
Link to Article
Link to FULL FREE PDF
Modin D, Møgelvang R, Andersen DM, Biering-Sørensen T. Right Ventricular Function Evaluated by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion Predicts Cardiovascular Death in the General Population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 May 21;8(10):e012197. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012197. PMID: 31088196; PMCID: PMC6585329.
Link to Article
Link to FULL FREE PDF
Korabathina R, Heffernan KS, Paruchuri V, Patel AR, Mudd JO, Prutkin JM, Orr NM, Weintraub A, Kimmelstiel CD, Kapur NK. The pulmonary artery pulsatility index identifies severe right ventricular dysfunction in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012 Oct 1;80(4):593-600. doi: 10.1002/ccd.23309. Epub 2012 Jan 10. PMID: 21954053.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Morine KJ, Kiernan MS, Pham DT, Paruchuri V, Denofrio D, Kapur NK. Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index Is Associated With Right Ventricular Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Surgery. J Card Fail. 2016 Feb;22(2):110-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.10.019. Epub 2015 Nov 10. PMID: 26564619.
Link to (NOT FREE) Article
Kang G, Ha R, Banerjee D. Pulmonary artery pulsatility index predicts right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016 Jan;35(1):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.06.009. Epub 2015 Jun 17. Erratum in: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017 Nov;36(11):1272. PMID: 26212656.
Link to Article
Link to FULL FREE PDF
Kapur NK, Esposito ML, Bader Y, Morine KJ, Kiernan MS, Pham DT, Burkhoff D. Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices for Acute Right Ventricular Failure. Circulation. 2017 Jul 18;136(3):314-326. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025290. PMID: 28716832.
Link to Article
Link to FULL FREE PDF
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Reel Transcript
Your patient is in shock and you suspect it to be cardiogenic.
The history and physical makes you suspect right heart failure.
There are very poor windows when obtaining the echocardiogram.
We cannot measure the right heart nor calculate a TAPSE.
Your patient is getting sicker and you feel like you’re flying blind.
What can we do to assess the right heart function?
This is where the pulmonary artery pulsatility index comes in.
It is called PAPi for short. You can say pah-pee or say it with a Cuban accent like me.
To obtain this number we need to float a swan.
Then, we obtain the pulse pressure of the pulmonary artery.
This is calculated by the systolic minus diastolic pulmonary artery pressure.
Then, you divide the pulmonary artery pulse pressure over the CVP.
If this number is, generally speaking, greater than one, then the RV is happy.
If this number is less than 1, we need to act.
They may have issues with preload, afterload, or contractility.
Check out my website for all the citations.
Time to get to work to fix the issue!
