Peripheral Vasopressors: The Vasopressor & Inotrope Handbook

Datar S, Gutierrez E, Schertz A, Vachharajani V. Safety of Phenylephrine Infusion Through Peripheral Intravenous Catheter in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2018 Oct;33(10):589-592. doi: 10.1177/0885066617712214. Epub 2017 Jun 1. PMID: 28569131.
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Permpikul C, Tongyoo S, Viarasilpa T, Trainarongsakul T, Chakorn T, Udompanturak S. Early Use of Norepinephrine in Septic Shock Resuscitation (CENSER). A Randomized Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 May 1;199(9):1097-1105. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1034OC. PMID: 30704260.
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Ospina-Tascón GA, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, Calderón-Tapia LE, Manzano-Nunez R, Sánchez-Ortiz AI, Quiñones E, Ruiz-Yucuma JE, Aldana JL, Teboul JL, Cavalcanti AB, De Backer D, Bakker J. Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-based analysis. Crit Care. 2020 Feb 14;24(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2756-3. PMID: 32059682; PMCID: PMC7023737.
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McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1123-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra011883. PMID: 12646670.
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Parienti JJ, Mongardon N, Mégarbane B, Mira JP, Kalfon P, Gros A, Marqué S, Thuong M, Pottier V, Ramakers M, Savary B, Seguin A, Valette X, Terzi N, Sauneuf B, Cattoir V, Mermel LA, du Cheyron D; 3SITES Study Group. Intravascular Complications of Central Venous Catheterization by Insertion Site. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 24;373(13):1220-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500964. PMID: 26398070.
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Owen VS, Rosgen BK, Cherak SJ, Ferland A, Stelfox HT, Fiest KM, Niven DJ. Adverse events associated with administration of vasopressor medications through a peripheral intravenous catheter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2021 Apr 16;25(1):146. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03553-1. PMID: 33863361; PMCID: PMC8050944.
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Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, Mcintyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, Schorr C, Simpson S, Wiersinga WJ, Alshamsi F, Angus DC, Arabi Y, Azevedo L, Beale R, Beilman G, Belley-Cote E, Burry L, Cecconi M, Centofanti J, Coz Yataco A, De Waele J, Dellinger RP, Doi K, Du B, Estenssoro E, Ferrer R, Gomersall C, Hodgson C, Møller MH, Iwashyna T, Jacob S, Kleinpell R, Klompas M, Koh Y, Kumar A, Kwizera A, Lobo S, Masur H, McGloughlin S, Mehta S, Mehta Y, Mer M, Nunnally M, Oczkowski S, Osborn T, Papathanassoglou E, Perner A, Puskarich M, Roberts J, Schweickert W, Seckel M, Sevransky J, Sprung CL, Welte T, Zimmerman J, Levy M. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-1247. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y. Epub 2021 Oct 2. PMID: 34599691; PMCID: PMC8486643.
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Cardenas-Garcia J, Schaub KF, Belchikov YG, Narasimhan M, Koenig SJ, Mayo PH. Safety of peripheral intravenous administration of vasoactive medication. J Hosp Med. 2015 Sep;10(9):581-5. doi: 10.1002/jhm.2394. Epub 2015 May 26. PMID: 26014852.
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Delgado T, Wolfe B, Davis G, Ansari S. Safety of peripheral administration of phenylephrine in a neurologic intensive care unit: A pilot study. J Crit Care. 2016 Aug;34:107-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 13. PMID: 27288620.
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Loubani OM, Green RS. A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administering vasopressors through peripheral intravenous and central venous catheters. J Crit Care. 2015 Jun;30(3):653.e9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014. Epub 2015 Jan 22. PMID: 25669592.
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Tian DH, Smyth C, Keijzers G, Macdonald SP, Peake S, Udy A, Delaney A. Safety of peripheral administration of vasopressor medications: A systematic review. Emerg Med Australas. 2020 Apr;32(2):220-227. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13406. Epub 2019 Nov 7. PMID: 31698544.
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Lewis T, Merchan C, Altshuler D, Papadopoulos J. Safety of the Peripheral Administration of Vasopressor Agents. J Intensive Care Med. 2019 Jan;34(1):26-33. doi: 10.1177/0885066616686035. Epub 2017 Jan 11. PMID: 28073314.
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Medlej K, Kazzi AA, El Hajj Chehade A, Saad Eldine M, Chami A, Bachir R, Zebian D, Abou Dagher G. Complications from Administration of Vasopressors Through Peripheral Venous Catheters: An Observational Study. J Emerg Med. 2018 Jan;54(1):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.09.007. Epub 2017 Oct 27. PMID: 29110979.
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Pancaro C, Shah N, Pasma W, Saager L, Cassidy R, van Klei W, Kooij F, Vittali D, Hollmann MW, Kheterpal S, Lirk P. Risk of Major Complications After Perioperative Norepinephrine Infusion Through Peripheral Intravenous Lines in a Multicenter Study. Anesth Analg. 2020 Oct;131(4):1060-1065. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004445. PMID: 32925324.
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National Institutes of Health (NIH). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, V5.0. November 2017. Available at: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcae_v5_quick_reference_8.5×11.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2023.
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Lewis T, Merchan C, Altshuler D, Papadopoulos J. Safety of the Peripheral Administration of Vasopressor Agents. J Intensive Care Med. 2019 Jan;34(1):26-33. doi: 10.1177/0885066616686035. Epub 2017 Jan 11. PMID: 28073314.
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LEVOPHED package insert, Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc.; 2020.
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Kilian S, Surrey A, McCarron W, Mueller K, Wessman BT. Vasopressor Administration via Peripheral Intravenous Access for Emergency Department Stabilization in Septic Shock Patients. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022 Jul;26(7):811-815. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24243. PMID: 36864853; PMCID: PMC9973174.
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Tran QK, Mester G, Bzhilyanskaya V, Afridi LZ, Andhavarapu S, Alam Z, Widjaja A, Andersen B, Matta A, Pourmand A. Complication of vasopressor infusion through peripheral venous catheter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Nov;38(11):2434-2443. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.047. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 33039229.
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Stolz A, Efendy R, Apte Y, Craswell A, Lin F, Ramanan M. Safety and efficacy of peripheral versus centrally administered vasopressor infusion: A single-centre retrospective observational study. Aust Crit Care. 2022 Sep;35(5):506-511. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2021.08.005. Epub 2021 Sep 30. PMID: 34600834.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2021.08.005 NTDL

Delaney A, Finnis M, Bellomo R, Udy A, Jones D, Keijzers G, MacDonald S, Peake S. Initiation of vasopressor infusions via peripheral versus central access in patients with early septic shock: A retrospective cohort study. Emerg Med Australas. 2020 Apr;32(2):210-219. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13394. Epub 2019 Oct 9. PMID: 31599084.
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Marti K, Hartley C, Sweeney E, Mah J, Pugliese N. Evaluation of the safety of a novel peripheral vasopressor pilot program and the impact on central line placement in medical and surgical intensive care units. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Aug 19;79(Suppl 3):S79-S85. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac144. PMID: 35605137; PMCID: PMC9384090.
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Marques CG, Mwemerashyaka L, Martin K, Tang O, Uwamahoro C, Ndebwanimana V, Uwamahoro D, Moretti K, Sharma V, Naganathan S, Jing L, Garbern SC, Nkeshimana M, Levine AC, Aluisio AR. Utilisation of peripheral vasopressor medications and extravasation events among critically ill patients in Rwanda: A prospective cohort study. Afr J Emerg Med. 2022 Jun;12(2):154-159. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2022.03.006. Epub 2022 Apr 21. PMID: 35505668; PMCID: PMC9046616.
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Farhat R, Minoff J, Burke S, Patolia S. Options to Minimize the Use of Central Lines: Midodrine, Peripheral Venous Lines, and Midline Catheters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Dec 15;204(12):1473-1475. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202103-0685RR. PMID: 34699334.
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Pradhan RR. Inadvertent extravasations of norepinephrine. Clin Case Rep. 2022 Oct 22;10(10):e6516. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.6516. PMID: 36285034; PMCID: PMC9587505.
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Dumbarton TC, Gorman SK, Minor S, Loubani O, White F, Green R. Local cutaneous necrosis secondary to a prolonged peripheral infusion of methylene blue in vasodilatory shock. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Mar;46(3):e6. doi: 10.1345/aph.1Q560. Epub 2012 Feb 28. PMID: 22388329.
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Le A, Patel S. Extravasation of Noncytotoxic Drugs: A Review of the Literature. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Jul;48(7):870-886. doi: 10.1177/1060028014527820. Epub 2014 Apr 8. PMID: 24714850.
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Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH. Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications. Pharmacotherapy. 2014 Jun;34(6):617-32. doi: 10.1002/phar.1396. Epub 2014 Jan 13. PMID: 24420913.
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Padmanaban A, Venkataraman R, Rajagopal S, Devaprasad D, Ramakrishnan N. Feasibility and Safety of Peripheral Intravenous Administration of Vasopressor Agents in Resource-limited Settings. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures). 2020 Nov 7;6(4):210-216. doi: 10.2478/jccm-2020-0030. PMID: 33200091; PMCID: PMC7648440.
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Stefanos SS, Kiser TH, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Reynolds PM. Management of noncytotoxic extravasation injuries: A focused update on medications, treatment strategies, and peripheral administration of vasopressors and hypertonic saline. Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Apr;43(4):321-337. doi: 10.1002/phar.2794. Epub 2023 Apr 1. PMID: 36938775.
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Nguyen TT, Surrey A, Barmaan B, Miller S, Oswalt A, Evans D, Dhindsa H. Utilization and extravasation of peripheral norepinephrine in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.01.014. Epub 2020 Jan 8. PMID: 31959524.
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Teja B, Bosch NA, Wijeysundera DN, Wijeysundera HC, Saskin R, Hill AD, Stelfox HT, Walkey AJ, Wunsch H. First-Line Vasopressor Use in Septic Shock and Route of Administration: An Epidemiologic Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022 Oct;19(10):1713-1721. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202203-222OC. PMID: 35709214.
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Jouffroy R, Vivien B. Adverse events associated with administration of vasopressor medications through a peripheral intravenous catheter: do not confound access route and specific drug complications! Crit Care. 2021 May 29;25(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03605-6. PMID: 34051844; PMCID: PMC8164807.
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Araiza A, Duran M, Varon J. Administration of vasopressors through peripheral venous catheters. CMAJ. 2022 May 30;194(21):E739. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.211966. PMID: 35636752; PMCID: PMC9259422.
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Pysyk CL, Jarmuske MB. Fluid vs. Phenylephrine: Compartment Syndrome in the Hand Following Massive Volume Resuscitation. Hand (N Y). 2021 Mar;16(2):258-259. doi: 10.1177/1558944720966738. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PMID: 33106040; PMCID: PMC8041425.
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Fisher AH, Jarrett NJ. Compartment Syndrome of the Hand Induced by Peripherally Extravasated Phenylephrine. Hand (N Y). 2021 Jan;16(1):NP10-NP12. doi: 10.1177/1558944720937361. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32666832; PMCID: PMC7818039.
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Ricard JD, Salomon L, Boyer A, Thiery G, Meybeck A, Roy C, Pasquet B, Le Mière E, Dreyfuss D. Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9):2108-15. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a42c5. PMID: 23782969.
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Owen VS, Rosgen BK, Cherak SJ, Ferland A, Stelfox HT, Fiest KM, Niven DJ. Adverse events associated with administration of vasopressor medications through a peripheral intravenous catheter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2021 Apr 16;25(1):146. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03553-1. PMID: 33863361.
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Araiza A, Duran M, Varon J. Administration of vasopressors through peripheral venous catheters. CMAJ. 2022 May 30;194(21):E739. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.211966. PMID: 35636752; PMCID: PMC9259422.
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Goradia S, Sardaneh AA, Narayan SW, Penm J, Patanwala AE. Vasopressor dose equivalence: A scoping review and suggested formula. J Crit Care. 2021 Feb;61:233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.11.002. Epub 2020 Nov 14. PMID: 33220576.
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